{"id":9182,"date":"2024-05-27T09:31:43","date_gmt":"2024-05-27T09:31:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/fr\/?post_type=definition&#038;p=9182"},"modified":"2024-05-27T09:31:43","modified_gmt":"2024-05-27T09:31:43","slug":"deep-learning-definition","status":"publish","type":"definition","link":"https:\/\/www.techopedia.com\/fr\/dictionnaire\/deep-learning-definition","title":{"rendered":"Deep Learning ou Apprentissage profond : qu&#8217;est ce que c&#8217;est ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span id=\"deep_learning_definition_simple\">Deep learning : d\u00e9finition simple<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le deep learning (Apprentissage profond en fran\u00e7ais) est une <\/span><b>branche de l\u2019intelligence artificielle<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> utilisant des r\u00e9seaux de neurones artificiels pour apprendre et auto-am\u00e9liorer sa capacit\u00e9 de compr\u00e9hension et d\u2019assimilation afin de mod\u00e9liser et de r\u00e9soudre des probl\u00e8mes complexes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><div>\n    <section class=\"toc-sticky w-100 bg-white \">\n        <div class=\"toc-sticky__container container\">\n            <div class=\"toc-sticky__open d-flex align-items-end\" data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n                 aria-controls=\"multiCollapse1\"\n                 data-bs-target=\"#multiCollapse1\">\n                <button\n                        class=\"btn btn-primary collapse-action-btn p-1 rounded-circle\"\n                        type=\"button\"\n                >\n                    <i class=\"icon-chevron-up\"><\/i>\n                <\/button>\n                <span id=\"toc-current-title\" class=\"d-flex align-items-center\">\n                    Sommaire\n                <\/span>\n                <span class=\"toc-main-title-permanent\">Sommaire<\/span>\n            <\/div>\n            <div\n                    class=\"collapse my-3\"\n                    id=\"multiCollapse1\"\n            >\n                <ol class=\"StepProgress\">\n                                                                        <li class=\"StepProgress-item current\">\n                                                <div class=\"StepProgress-item__group\">\n                            <a data-id=\"deep_learning_definition_simple\"\n                               onclick=handleScrollToTitle(\"deep_learning_definition_simple\")\n                               class=\"StepProgress-item__link\" data-level=\"2\">Deep learning : d\u00e9finition simple<\/a>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                                <\/li>\n                                                                        <li class=\"StepProgress-item\">\n                                                <div class=\"StepProgress-item__group\">\n                            <a data-id=\"comment_fonctionne_le_deep_learning\"\n                               onclick=handleScrollToTitle(\"comment_fonctionne_le_deep_learning\")\n                               class=\"StepProgress-item__link\" data-level=\"2\">Comment fonctionne le deep learning ?<\/a>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                                <\/li>\n                                                                    <li class=\"StepProgress-item subList-in-progress \">\n                                                <div class=\"StepProgress-item__group\">\n                            <a data-id=\"quelles_sont_les_applications_du_deep_learning\"\n                               onclick=handleScrollToTitle(\"quelles_sont_les_applications_du_deep_learning\")\n                               class=\"StepProgress-item__link\" data-level=\"2\">Quelles sont les applications du deep learning ?<\/a>\n                                                            <button class=\"StepProgress-item__arrow collapse-action-btn\" type=\"button\"\n                                        data-bs-toggle=\"collapse\"\n                                        data-bs-target=\"#TOC1sublist-quelles_sont_les_applications_du_deep_learning\"\n                                        aria-controls=\"sublist-quelles_sont_les_applications_du_deep_learning\">\n                                    <i class=\"icon-chevron-down\"><\/i>\n                                <\/button>\n                                                    <\/div>\n                                                    <ol class=\"StepProgress-sub-list collapse\" id=\"TOC1sublist-quelles_sont_les_applications_du_deep_learning\">\n                                                                    <li class=\"StepProgress-sub-item\">\n                    <span>\n                      <a data-id=\"transport\"\n                         onclick=handleScrollToTitle(\"transport\")\n                         class=\"StepProgress-item__link\"\n                         data-level=\"3\">Transport<\/a>\n                    <\/span>\n                                    <\/li>\n                                                                    <li class=\"StepProgress-sub-item\">\n                    <span>\n                      <a data-id=\"sante\"\n                         onclick=handleScrollToTitle(\"sante\")\n                         class=\"StepProgress-item__link\"\n                         data-level=\"3\">Sant\u00e9\u00a0<\/a>\n                    <\/span>\n                                    <\/li>\n                                                                    <li class=\"StepProgress-sub-item\">\n                    <span>\n                      <a data-id=\"divertissement_contenu\"\n                         onclick=handleScrollToTitle(\"divertissement_contenu\")\n                         class=\"StepProgress-item__link\"\n                         data-level=\"3\">Divertissement \/ Contenu<\/a>\n                    <\/span>\n           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headerHeight from the top of the target div\n                if (scrollTop >= stop) {\n                    pageLegendCollapse.hide();\n                    \/\/ stick the div\n                    target.classList.add(\"sticky\");\n                    \/\/target.style.marginTop = `${headerHeight}px`;\n                } else {\n                    pageLegendCollapse.show();\n                    \/\/ release the div\n                    target.classList.remove(\"sticky\");\n                    target.style.marginTop = \"\";\n                }\n            }\n\n            applySticky();\n\n            window.addEventListener('scroll', applySticky);\n        })(header, pageLegendCollapse);\n\tjQuery('span.show_moretoc').click(function(){\n\t\tjQuery('span.show_moretoc').hide();\n\t   jQuery('.ms_hidetoc').show();\n\t});\n    });\n\n    \/\/ When the user clicks on the button, scroll to the top of the document\n    function btnTop() {\n        const pageLegend = document.querySelector('#multiCollapse1');\n        document.querySelector('html').classList.remove('overflow-hidden');\n        pageLegend.classList.remove('overflow-auto');\n        pageLegend.style.height = 'auto';\n        window.scrollTo({\n            top: 0,\n            behavior: 'smooth'\n        });\n    }\n\n    const handleScrollToTitle = (id) => {\n        const el = document.getElementById(id);\n        const headerHeightDifference = window.innerWidth < 992 ? -30 : -15;\n        window.scrollTo({\n            top: el.offsetTop - 60 - headerHeightDifference - 10,\n        });\n    }\n<\/script>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"comment_fonctionne_le_deep_learning\">Comment fonctionne le deep learning ?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le deep learning <\/span><b>utilise des r\u00e9seaux de neurones artificiels<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, qui sont en quelque sorte des mod\u00e8les math\u00e9matiques inspir\u00e9s du fonctionnement du cerveau humain. Ces r\u00e9seaux de neurones artificiels sont structur\u00e9s sous la forme de couches de neurones. Chaque couche de neurones est compos\u00e9e de plusieurs neurones qui ont chacun leurs fonctions propres.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chaque neurone intercepte un signal d\u2019entr\u00e9e, puis applique une fonction qui va convertir le signal en un r\u00e9sultat pr\u00e9d\u00e9termin\u00e9. Le r\u00e9sultat est ensuite achemin\u00e9 vers le neurone suivant qui va comparer le r\u00e9sultat obtenu aux valeurs r\u00e9elles. L\u2019apprentissage du r\u00e9seau se fait via un processus appel\u00e9 : r\u00e9tro-propagation, le syst\u00e8me teste des possibilit\u00e9s et \u00e9limine les mauvaises r\u00e9ponses.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"quelles_sont_les_applications_du_deep_learning\">Quelles sont les applications du deep learning ?<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le deep learning s\u2019implante progressivement dans la vie quotidienne et on commence \u00e0 d\u00e9couvrir des <\/span><b>applications pratiques de cette nouvelle technologie<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Voici un petit tour d\u2019horizon des principales applications du deep learning.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"transport\">Transport<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le deep learning est en bonne voie de r\u00e9volutionner le secteur du transport avec la <\/span><b>conduite 100 % autonome des v\u00e9hicules<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Uber (la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de taxis am\u00e9ricaine) a d\u00e9j\u00e0 investi pr\u00e8s d\u2019un milliard de dollars sur la p\u00e9riode 2015-2020 pour concevoir le premier v\u00e9hicule 100 % autonome, et les g\u00e9ants am\u00e9ricains (comme Alphabet Inc) sont \u00e9galement de la partie. L\u2019enjeu est colossal : r\u00e9volutionner le syst\u00e8me de transport et <\/span><b>mettre au point le premier v\u00e9hicule capable de conduire n\u2019importe o\u00f9 et n\u2019importe quand de fa\u00e7on s\u00e9curis\u00e9e<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"sante\">Sant\u00e9\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dans le secteur m\u00e9dical, les techniques de deep learning sont en passe de r\u00e9volutionner le monde m\u00e9dical en favorisant <\/span><b>l\u2019analyse du g\u00e9nome, le d\u00e9veloppement de m\u00e9dicaments ou encore le diagnostic m\u00e9dical via IA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. AlphaFold, une branche de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Alphabet Inc sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e dans les techniques avanc\u00e9es de deep learning pour pr\u00e9dire la structure tridimensionnelle des prot\u00e9ines \u00e0 partir de leur s\u00e9quence d\u2019acides amin\u00e9s, pourrait bien r\u00e9volutionner le monde m\u00e9dical et le secteur de la d\u00e9couverte des m\u00e9dicaments. D\u2019autres start up sont \u00e9galement de la partie comme Med-Gemini, qui souhaite favoriser la d\u00e9tection de maladies \u00e0 l\u2019aide de radiographies et d\u2019une prise de sang.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"divertissement_contenu\">Divertissement \/ Contenu<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les techniques de deep learning trouvent actuellement des applications pratiques dans le <\/span><b>secteur du contenu et du divertissement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s telles que OpenAi, Mistral Ai, DeepL ou encore Anthropic (Claude Ai) r\u00e9volutionnent le secteur de la production de contenu en offrant la possibilit\u00e9 de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer automatiquement du texte (po\u00e8mes, synth\u00e8se de texte, articles de presse), de traduire du contenu automatiquement, de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des images haute r\u00e9solution \u00e0 partir d\u2019une simple description, de produire de la musique bas\u00e9e sur les go\u00fbts personnel de l\u2019utilisateur et m\u00eame de g\u00e9n\u00e9rer des vid\u00e9os haute r\u00e9solution.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"agriculture\">Agriculture<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le secteur agricole n\u2019\u00e9chappe pas aux techniques avanc\u00e9es du deep learning. Entre les diverses applications qui fleurissent sur Internet et qui offrent la possibilit\u00e9 de reconna\u00eetre automatiquement des plantes, le monde agricole pourrait bien \u00eatre totalement boulevers\u00e9 par une <\/span><b>automatisation encore plus pouss\u00e9e de la production agricole<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> avec des robots autonomes qui pourraient se charger d\u2019arroser, de d\u00e9sherber, de planter ou de r\u00e9colter les cultures. On pourrait voir se d\u00e9velopper des syst\u00e8mes reposant sur le deep learning pour pr\u00e9dire les prochaines catastrophes climatiques quelques heures avant qu\u2019elles ne surviennent ou encore pr\u00e9lever et analyser automatiquement des \u00e9chantillons dans le sol.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"production_industrielle\">Production industrielle<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Des applications pratiques dans le secteur de la production industrielle devraient \u00e9galement voir le jour avec un <\/span><b>renforcement de la qualit\u00e9 de contr\u00f4le<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> via des processus de deep learning (pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement automatique d\u2019un \u00e9chantillon, analyse pr\u00e9dictive de l\u2019\u00e9chantillon \u00e0 partir des donn\u00e9es historiques de la base de donn\u00e9es). Le deep learning devrait \u00e9galement favoriser le d\u00e9veloppement de la fabrication autonome \u00e0 la demande avec la production automatique de produits sur mesure.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"marketing\">Marketing<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les agences de marketing utilisent le deep learning pour <\/span><b>am\u00e9liorer le syst\u00e8me de recommandation publicitaire<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. L\u2019objectif \u00e9tant d\u2019analyser l\u2019ensemble de l\u2019historique de consultation d\u2019un internaute via des algorithmes et d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la pr\u00e9cision des recommandations publicitaires en appliquant des techniques de deep learning. Des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s, comme Meta Inc (soci\u00e9t\u00e9 m\u00e8re de Facebook), utilisent d\u00e9j\u00e0 ces techniques pour am\u00e9liorer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des recommandations publicitaires.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"securite\">S\u00e9curit\u00e9<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les derni\u00e8res avanc\u00e9es dans le domaine du deep learning en mati\u00e8re de <\/span><b>reconnaissance vocale et faciale<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> devraient d\u00e9boucher sur des nouvelles applications dans le domaine de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9, avec par exemple une analyse comportementale automatique, une identification de chaque individu en temps r\u00e9el dans l\u2019espace public, un d\u00e9ploiement de dr\u00f4nes autonomes.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"secteur_financier_banque_assurance_trading\">Secteur financier (banque, assurance, trading)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le secteur financier devrait conna\u00eetre une profonde mutation avec le d\u00e9veloppement de techniques de deep learning dans le secteur du <\/span><b>trading algorithmique, l\u2019analyse automatique de risque de cr\u00e9dit<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00e0 partir d\u2019une liste de transactions ou encore l\u2019analyse des transactions bancaires pour d\u00e9celer d\u2019\u00e9ventuelles traces de fraude \u00e0 la carte bancaire.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"assistance_a_domicile\">Assistance \u00e0 domicile\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Les techniques avanc\u00e9es de deep learning devraient favoriser le d\u00e9veloppement de <\/span><b>robots humanis\u00e9s destin\u00e9s \u00e0 aider les humains dans les t\u00e2ches m\u00e9nag\u00e8res<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> : pr\u00e9paration des repas, nettoyage et repassage. Le d\u00e9veloppement des premiers assistants virtuels enrichis avec le deep learning devrait progressivement r\u00e9volutionner le secteur de l\u2019assistance \u00e0 domicile.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"administration\">Administration<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L\u2019administration, notamment fiscale, utilise d\u00e9j\u00e0 le deep learning pour favoriser la <\/span><b>d\u00e9tection de la fraude fiscale<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. L\u2019objectif \u00e9tant de collecter et de regrouper des donn\u00e9es transactionnelles, puis de r\u00e9utiliser ces donn\u00e9es pour d\u00e9tecter des anomalies.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"secteur_militaire\">Secteur militaire<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Le secteur militaire devrait \u00e9galement b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier des derni\u00e8res avanc\u00e9es en mati\u00e8re de deep learning avec le d\u00e9veloppement de <\/span><b>dr\u00f4nes autonomes, l\u2019analyse automatique des zones de combat et la mise au point de strat\u00e9gies militaires<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> en temps r\u00e9el. Les arm\u00e9es de plusieurs pays, comme les USA et la Chine, utilisent d\u00e9j\u00e0 le deep learning pour renforcer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des \u00e9quipes militaires.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Deep learning : d\u00e9finition simple Le deep learning (Apprentissage profond en fran\u00e7ais) est une branche de l\u2019intelligence artificielle utilisant des r\u00e9seaux de neurones artificiels pour apprendre et auto-am\u00e9liorer sa capacit\u00e9 de compr\u00e9hension et d\u2019assimilation afin de mod\u00e9liser et de r\u00e9soudre des probl\u00e8mes complexes. Comment fonctionne le deep learning ? Le deep learning utilise des r\u00e9seaux [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":286895,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"definitioncat":[24],"class_list":["post-9182","definition","type-definition","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","definitioncat-intelligence-artificielle"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v24.2 (Yoast SEO v24.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Deep Learning ou Apprentissage profond : qu&#039;est ce que c&#039;est ?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Comprenez facilement Deep Learning ou Apprentissage profond : qu&#039;est ce que c&#039;est ? avec notre d\u00e9finition d\u00e9taill\u00e9e. 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